Jan 12
18
History Brake Systems
Disc brake systems appeared in the late 50s of last century. The main reason for their development has been to boost power and speed of vehicles. The old system simply could not stop the new machines. That is why wheels supplanted the drums first to sport, and then on all other models. First, the transition was dictated only reliable new design, but gradually during the operation was discovered more and more advantages of disk-brake system. This has caused a massive failure of the producer from the old technology in favor of the brake discs. Now, drum brakes can be found only on the most inexpensive cars, and even then only the rear wheels.
At the same absolute majority of cars installed disc brake system. To understand what is so good disc brakes, you need to know the essence of inhibition. It is so with the help of friction to transfer kinetic energy into thermal energy of the car. Therefore, the main problem is the excessive heating of the disk and, consequently, the boiling of brake fluid. This factor holding back a bit distribution of disc brakes as long as the invention of the brake fluid with a high temperature boiling.
Now the main issue was the choice of material for the manufacture of CDs. He must comply with many requirements because of them directly related driver safety. Thus, the material for the manufacture of brake pads should be characterized by good frictional properties, be resistant to the damaging effects of external environment and, of course, have a high melting point.
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Jan 12
12
Education
Later, responding to all collapse of public consciousness the sphere of education, but when the updated knowledge and ideals come into school and university textbooks – the crisis stage of the spiritual sphere can be considered largely complete. Consequently, the process change begins with the civilizations of the lower and upper floors of the pyramid, with the crisis and the needs of the spiritual world, stems from the subjective factor. But he can not be realized until there will be a radical change in technological and economic modes of production, socio-political system. The technological base of society has the greatest inertia. This is not surprising: the creation of technological systems (Construction of factories, buildings, communications, design, manufacture and operation of machinery, natural resources) are invested huge amounts of money that should pay off.
Inventions are thorough check on the reality and efficacy before they are embodied in the new technological system. You need to modify the production infrastructure, retrain workers, to replace outdated machines, introduce more effective forms of organizing production. The restructuring of the technological base is associated with reduced production, underload and replacement of obsolete production facilities, radical renewal of fixed assets. Technological revolution and the crisis – are indispensable elements of the mechanism changing civilizations. And they cover all areas of production and use of technology, gradually spreading from the epicenter to the periphery of the coup. First, there is a transition, a hybrid technological system that includes elements of both old and new technological methods of production. Only in the next step formed way that fully adequate technological basis of a new civilization. Framework of transition in technology are in our time about a half-century period.
Technology is inextricably linked to the economy. Radical changes in technology-based society entails changes in the economic mode of production, which find expression in the restructuring of reproduction. Changing proportions reproduction between different sectors in the crisis is growing share in the consumer sector – by reducing the share of intermediate (raw materials, fuel, energy), military, investment and mining sectors, funds recovery (depreciation) and accumulation. Armed conflicts, however, may again increase the share of the military sector. In phase recovery needs restructuring the technological base required increasing the share of investment and intellectual sectors of the accumulation fund, which facilitated the growth of which began production. The share of the surplus product of the crisis decreases, personal income did not reflect the full value of the desired product, the transferred value of fixed assets (which are a significant part of the drop) is only partially is reflected in depreciation. The next phase, followed by increased efficiency reproduction, increasing the rate of surplus product, which allows increasing the consumption fund, while faster pace to build, to update the production and production on the new technological base. Accordingly, an increasing proportion of the investment industry.
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Jan 12
6
Heated Floors
Due to limitations of the initial temperature of these heating systems can use all available sources of energy. Thanks to evenly distributed fairly large area of heat transfer are the best temperature conditions close to the optimal distribution of air temperature on the height of the room. The floor temperature must not exceed the allowable limit, as in this case will not be sustained given the project value temperature heating registers, embedded in floors, and can occur not only breach the state of the floor construction, but also damage human health. Valid values for the surface temperature of heated floors: surfaces for floors with normal operating conditions not exceeding 28 C for baths, swimming pools and bathrooms not exceeding 33 C for seldom-used areas of the premises along the walls and windows in the area not exceeding 38 C. When choosing construction of heated floors and heating system they must first address the following questions: Is this the main heating and this additional heating, which will then be used coolant (hot water, electric heating, air heating, or others) which provides for heat transfer (direct heat transfer or slow heating), in which the premises are planning to carry out such floor (housing, room or outbuildings, swimming pools or bathrooms, open area). what kind of energy will be used to generate heat.
There are various heating, built in floor systems, for example, circulating hot water, in which the details of fluid transport systems and devices working together, and technology fit together. The main part of such system is the conduit that was previously made of high-quality materials, and now mostly made of special plastics. The durability of these systems on design parameters is about 50 years, but the stability of pipelines to mechanical stress, Effects of temperature, corrosion and aging attach great importance because it affects accident-free operation of the heating system. Given that the heating system is integrated directly into the construction of gender, so after the installation of the device in front of ties to carry out tests and check the pressure of the special committee with a representative Gosgortechnadzor and draw up a statement of acceptance of papers. When using electrical systems, built into the design of floor screed, the most important criteria are the stability and design of heat tie, as the temperature of electric heaters may be much higher temperature pipes. The main part of such an electric cable heating systems, strengthened by reinforcing the grid in the form of a flat single coil to be placed in the screed. The unit of heating systems is much easier to technology, and assembly yields of standardization and unification, heaters are sectional, the presence of metal mesh improves the structural work ties. Floors with built-in heating system are effective, but a complex structure, organized on the grounds of bearing floors and consists of three parts, alternately or simultaneously performed at the facility. Requires strict coordination and coherence in work when the installation of heating, creating a cement-sand screed and monolithic flooring. Any heating system during installation is placed in-situ cement-sand screeds, which are middle part of the floor construction being done on site, or heating elements embedded in a prefabricated tie in their manufacture industrial methods for precast concrete factories.
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Dec 11
30
Window Installations
Here's how to describe the process of installation of wooden windows installers of the company. The most important work entrusted to gager. Often the customer has no idea of what he had done the wall. And especially do not know what's inside the wall. So just call the company and describe its wooden box is not enough. Initial size, ie height and width of the window opening, profane, of course, can be measured. But to understand the full amount coming work can only be a specialist.
With specialist qualifications. So do not be surprised if after the dismantling of the old frame and size of new windows and wood window openings do not quite match. And it is not necessary that zamerschik all his fault. Like, just confused tsifirki. Even an expert can not always predict how to increase the gap after the break the old frame. After the dismantling of the old frame of the walls of plaster falling out, brick and insulation of the mother. In general, if this happens, the installer will always find, as is the case properly corrected. And they must do it for free.
How to start the process of installing new windows? Primarily zamerschik travels to the object (ie, home to the customer). They remove the final dimensions of the window opening, determines the complexity of installation (including floor, house type, the curvature of the openings). After that, the customer goes to a firm makes out contract and pays the cost of the windows and installation. Under the rules of payment can be done in stages. Then you need to set a date of manufacture windows, identify the date and time of installation. After a while, finished wooden box delivered to your home. Now begins the actual installation. It can start on the same day, but most installers call the next day. Typically, installation is extended by two days. The first day is dedicated to: remove the old frame and insert new, and fix them. Then set the low tides – window sills. The next day the installers: sealed seams, put the window sill, check the hardware (well if windows open-closed). Demonstrate masters work. Only after this is signed certificate of acceptance of work. That's it! Oh yes, if the contract a clause on the removal of debris, then the firm must do so on the first day of work. So, we realized that During installation of windows are two parties – the customer and the firm (represented by the installers).
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Dec 11
23
PVC Pipes
How to choose the pipe?. Now there are a lot of materyalov and technologies in the production trub.Tak what do you choose the pipe for our needs. Advantages and disadvantages of polyethylene and polypropylene pipes of the following Polyvinyl chloride materials (PVC pipe), PVC pipes have high rigidity, which allows their use for production risers of large diameter sewers. PVC pipe can be used up to 45C, and from Chlorinated PVC – up to 95S. Pipes are not combustible and have a lower coefficient of linear thermal expansion compared to pipes made of PE and PP polypropylene (PPR – PPR pipes), such pipes should be avoided for drinking vody.Luchshim application is cleared sewage and sewage levnevaya Polyethylene Pipes: Polyethylene (PE), high durability (warranty period – 50 years). The absence of all types of corrosion.
Low microbial fouling. Non-toxic – no impact on taste and odor of water. Hydrodynamic capacity polyethylene pipe does not deteriorate with time (almost no mechanical tube overgrowth due to low surface roughness). High reliability under mechanical loads due to such properties of PE, such as viscosity and elasticity at the same time. Good insulation properties. Polyethylene pipes are in 2 – 4 times lighter than steel, which facilitates transportation and assembly.
Available in lengths up to 13 m long bays and up to 400 m. The butt welding of polyethylene pipes is fully automated, inexpensive, simple and requires no additional consumables. These pipes are not outwardly beautiful so is used mainly for outdoor gazovodoprovodov with the closed method prokladki.Pri that they can simply be buried in the ground and "forget". Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), PEX pipes are characterized by the following properties: fatigue resistance even at elevated temperatures (up to 110 C), dimensional stability (no load application material does not deformed up to 200 C) fracture toughness, impact resistance and toughness in the notch even at temperatures below -50 C; high wear resistance to abrasion and incision; good shrink properties.
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Dec 11
17
Liquid Covers
By "liquid covers" – so named their company in the development of "Techno-base" – we have to look closely in the fall. In fact, the tool that protects the body surface from scratches and chips, just need to travelers and "lesoprohodtsev." But since it works only at temperatures below +5 C, we had to wait for spring. And on the street sustained a "plus" means that you are ready to test. Vehicle technology training was very easy. Enough to cause the liquid from the brush on the banks vulnerable body parts. The main thing with this – that the car had been washed clean and dried thoroughly.
Otherwise the image of "rubber" the film is not will safely hold. Paint the car better in three layers to cover turned out quite thick and could withstand even a strong impact of stones and twigs. Yes, and shoot a film with a body to be comfortable. By the way, the manufacturer recommends protection for a long time not to leave. Maximum of ten days, otherwise the coating will stick strongly to the body and to remove it would be difficult. Average consumption of "paint" on the instructions – 85 grams per square meter.
And how it really goes – depends on the upcoming trip. If only long-term plans to stage on the road, you need only cover the front of the machine: the edge of the bonnet, bumper, front of the wings and, if applicable, extensions of arches. If, however, be journey through the forest, then have to prepare carefully.
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Dec 11
10
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
With the development of progress are gaining more and more popular materials used for decoration of office space, which only recently and is not presented as such. Among them we should mention the film, whose production is based on polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Scope of this film is very wide. This is due, above all, its remarkable properties, as rarely any other material can be simultaneously boast durability and frost resistance, durability and heat resistance. So quite successfully pvc transparent film used in construction as a cladding material inner surface of the basin, both for closed and for open structures. This is due to the remarkable stability of PVC film to an aggressive external environment, in particular to the sun.
In addition, the full application of PVC film and found in furniture industry, where it is used for decorating other working surfaces, namely doors, baseboards and other interior elements. In a rural or farm self-adhesive film is used successfully for growing plants, which are buried in the ground. With this technology with a film of PVC creates a greenhouse effect, accelerating the growth of plants. It is the use of such a film allows you to hide and protect the plants from every vagaries of nature. When choosing a film should pay attention to several key indicators showing its quality.
This, above all, transparency, since this dstigaetsya maximum light transmission. For unique PVC film is considered the normal transparency of about 95%. When operating on purpose, for two years, transparency should not fall below 70%, and more than three years, it should not thicken. It is also important has a great strength of PVC film (tensile strength up to 200% elongation at break). The quality is so high that even if the bird would make its claws a hole in the PVC film, they do not become torn otshmetki, and the same and remain, all the same film will retain the overall integrity. The amazing hardiness of the film allow it to maintain its plasticity and flexibility, not pulled down and not become brittle at temperatures down to -35 C. All develops and with the addition of special thermally stabilizing additives and svetostabiliziruyuschih life of PVC film becomes even longer and up to 4 years. Permeability is a very important element, because of him depends on the correct temperature. It takes PVC film and in the rapidly growing sector of advertising services. So recently, one of the most interesting and popular types of outdoor advertising to get its location on automotive and other transportation, as well as to a variety of office and industrial planes, sometimes with enormous dimensions. Through the development of computer and peripheral equipment, there are special devices – engravers. This allows the laser engraver to put on these or other surfaces (skin, cloth, plastic, granite, PVC). Now she was subject to any effects up to create this image of metal, leather and wood structures. With all these advantages, as well as the possibility of using an engraver, PVC film has acquired its second 'breathing' and firms producing it with confidence looking forward, as claimed, it will be a very long time. The technological process of application of PVC film on the surface may be either laminated or vacuum molding.
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Dec 11
7
Volkswagen Spare Parts
Buying spare parts, faced with a difficult choice – to give a large sum for a product or brand to search parts cheap? For many, it's not even a choice – they just prefer the second option. But experienced and zealous people know – saving here often goes sideways. It is important to remember that quality parts is not cheap, and the pursuit of low prices can result in a more substantial costs. Buy spare parts, which lasts for years or change it every few months? Resulting in more economical? Car Parts produced in plants – is branded products that are manufactured in full compliance with the CD and the developer have guarantee reliable operation. Worrying about their reputation, production associations produces only high quality parts with high performance reliability. In other cases, the hallmark of these parts can serve as a quality package, which specify the manufacturer and part number, and the lack of details on the most signs of recovery. There are many large plants that manufacture parts for cars, guided by its own technical documentation.
All certified and legally, but quality often leaves much to be desired. Studies have shown that these parts differ from the company, and sometimes quite significantly. At the same time did not differ for the better. Search understands that this is vital information. Other manufacturing techniques (for example, instead of stamping molding), the use of other materials (steel, additives) inaccuracies and omissions in the geometry of the product (high roughness, gaps), etc. – all this affects the "life expectancy" of such items. Low-quality spare parts are easily damaged themselves and contribute to increased wear of the other nodes machine.
But they are cheaper. Can not say that all parts are not so bad, but the situation is not very comforting. "Rejuvenation" of parts is second-hand parts, which modern artisans give the appearance of new ones. Category of "rejuvenation" of nodes can, in turn, divided into two subgroups. The first is the entirely refurbished parts. Node sort out every detail by grinding, milling, painting and other operations give the presentation, and then collected back. Resource that has a "rejuvenated" so parts small enough. They will serve, but that's how many? The second subgroup represents nodes collected from minimum "worn" parts, which practically do not need additional treatment. As a result, if the observed assembly technology, an almost new spare parts, which may be quite acceptable characteristics. Distinguish the "rejuvenation" of parts is sometimes difficult, especially when the job by experienced master. Properly labeled and packaged, such parts can not cause any suspicion, this will help only a very close look. Isearch is actively involved in the matter. Cheerleaders have minor injuries (eg, tools), the prints of fasteners, grinding marks (marked "withdrawal" of the surface in depth). "Undefined" parts in this list includes fake spare parts made by artisanal methods in that obtained from plants or removed from the drawings of the original size. "Manufacturing plants" are garages and workshops. Compliance with the technology, precision the extent and grades of the material here no one cares about – like detail, the minimum resource is. The quality and reliability of these parts can not speak. In addition to counterfeit the national underground "industry" market is now flooded with Chinese products and collected approximately the same conditions. Hallmarks of fraud will be low cost and low quality packaging frankly cheap.
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Nov 11
30
Manufacturers
By the grout should be started after 24 hours. Apply grout recommend a rubber spatula to the area not more than 1,5 – 2 meters at a time in the vertical and horizontal directions. Surplus grout should be removed directing a spatula along the diagonal. After 10-15 minutes, when the grout mixture lightly with a damp sponge podvyalitsya moving on a diagonal walk across the square smoothing carefully removing all the excess. If needed, use the special cleaner acid without forgetting wash it with plenty of water.
When cutting mosaic tesserae is used a special tool – a cutter, ordinary scissors for cutting otdelnyh bands on the net or paper, as well as the cutting device with a diamond disk with a diameter of 10 cm with a continuous crown. The module marked marker cuts of which needs to be done and mosaic cut in several passes to prevent cracking of individual tesserae. Also prienyayut special cutting machine for manual installation of individual pieces – but it applies more to the glazes and stone. Sleuet say a few words for the care of a mosaic. It is recommended to use neutral detergent recommended by the manufacturers. For stubborn dirt, use detergents with low acid content, do not forget to subsequent rinse copiously with water subjected to treatment location. As glass mosaic is mainly used for lining of wet areas and swimming pools it is useful to say a few words about the features of laying mosaic basins.
All that being said, the same thing – it kaksaetsya technology. But before laying out, pay special attention to the waterproofing of the bowl – it should not have even the slightest leak. For this pool is subjected to a static load, ie in for several days kept filled with water. If the place for the pool is open air – it must be protected from rain and direct sunlight. Should be unacceptable accumulation of water on the tiled surfaces for up to 25 days after laying. It is also necessary to comply with temperature control from +5 to +30 C for 12 days from the beginning of laying. It is best to use a mosaic of pools on the paper for a more durable seal applied adhesives. In the case of gold mosaics – that would be the best option for the undulating mosaic floors. For good shvatyvaemosti glue to the surface of the cup the cup, clean the grinding wheel or iron brushes with 5% granular soda and then rinse. Grinding tool is necessary to achieve a perfectly flat surface, which should be covered with corrosion inhibiting. It should also be smooth all the corners and edge radius of 50 mm – if the mosaics on the grid and up to 30 mm – if on paper. When selecting the adhesive, follow the advice of manufacturers. Use only adhesives for swimming pools, not paying attention to the price – remember, that the miser pays twice. Dry extract pool must be at least 20-25 days. You can then safely fill a bowl with water. Reference to the source, plus lots of useful information:.
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Nov 11
30
Hammerite Iron
High ink use for home heating, braziers, barbecue, etc. A related site: isearch mentions similar findings. Despite the fact the paint 'Hammerayt' procedure has been developed as an ornamental and a little protective cover for almost metallic and iron surfaces, it can be applied on non-ferrous alloys, using a special pre-lb from 'Hammerayt'. How hard and fast rule, rises to paint plastic, very used in the production of waste pipes and drains. Other types of plastic may not be closely combined with the solvent completely 'Hammerayt' and cause untold difficulties in the application, therefore it is better to test the paint on a small area. Thanks very good decorative properties, and it can be used to color wood, obviously, afterward priming. Three. Prepare surfaces for painting previously painted or completely rusty surfaces must be free of peeling paint and rust of iron rather loose brush or sandpaper, and clean iron sanding the surface to improve adhesion. The latest iron piece that has the factory grease should carefully wash with hot material of detergent, rinse with water and give nezapyatannoy dry, then clean gasoline or you can use mineral spirits.
All course options should be kept in mind: the surface must be absolutely dry, clean from an old paint and rust, gryazische, dust, grease and salt. Than She carefully prepared, the better it will almost cover. For nezapyatannoy and rusty steel cleaning afterward, usually, priming is not required, but if all the same pre-strike ground Hammerite Odie. Anti Rust, it is actually provide the most practical high-quality coverage. For galvanized steel is recommended to ground Hammerite Primer for Galvanised Metal Surfaces, and for aluminum and other nonferrous metals Hammerite Special Metals Primer. Four. Personality paint Thanks bystroisparyayuschimsya solvents that reduce the heat of the flash-off drying until the thirty-forty minutes, and promote rapid drying of the paint work is outstanding for coloring paint 'Hammerayt' can be completed within a heavenly day.
Each subsequent layer of paint can be applied in twenty minutes, but no later than three hours, so as to begin the process of hardening of loud colors, and the next layer is applied can be no earlier than six weeks. To ensure maximum protection against corrosion of the dry film thickness of paint must be at least one hundred microns across, without a doubt the painted surface, especially on the edges and corners. Paint 'Hammerayt' can be apply different methods. Paint brush comfortable welded structures such as garden walls, benches. Aerosols are used for painting and staining of small surfaces. Roller and a little airless spray for painting large surfaces.
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